Friday, November 29, 2019

Buddhism Essays (1897 words) - Schools Of Buddhism, Buddhism

Buddhism Buddhism I have considered myself to be a fairly religious person. I went to a Presbyterian elementary and middle school, a Christian School. At C.S. we had a religion class everyday. The difference from then and now is then we learned strictly about Christianity. I had never heard about evolution and other religions until I was in high school. I had only known that there was one God, and it was He to which we prayed. I knew that there was a heaven and a hell. The good people went to heaven and the bad to hell. In much more depth of course, but needless to say that was very naive. I had a Humanities class my sophomore year in high school. In this class we learned about all of the religions, how they operated, and what they believed. It was then that I took a deep interest in Buddhism. I didn't know much, but what I did know seemed so much different and it really caught my eye. Buddhism has two parts. These parts are Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism. The first part is Mahayana. It can be defined as, ?'Large Raft' Buddhism; one of the two branches of Buddhism, dominant in East Asia and Vietnam. So named because it's people carry a large raft to carry people to enlightenment.? (Niwano, 87-88) And Theravada is defined as, ?'Way of the Elders'; surviving school of one of the two branches of Buddhism, found in Southeast Asia. Claims to bet he most ancient expression of Buddhist teaching. Called ?Hinayana' by Mahayana Buddhist teachers.? (Niwano, 87-88) The Theravada Buddhism has dated back to as late as sixth century B.C.E., and it's was founded in one of the countries that it flourishes in today, Southeast Asia. There one founder of this school of Buddhism that is Siddhartha Gautama. He has shown people what is known as the ?middle way.? This path is a path of liberation from the cycle of rebirth. All Buddhists honor this man. No matter what type of Buddhism they believe the focus is on him. The believers may not know what the significance of his life is, but they do know that he is of great importance. Siddhartha was born in about 563 B.C.E. He was a warrior in India. Siddhartha was raised in luxury to protect him from the bad parts of life. His father did this in hopes to raise religious questions in his mind. Guatama felt empty inside, so he decided to venture out into an unknown area. This is where he saw the ?four passing sights.? ?The first was a sorrowful, old man. The second was a man racked by illness. The third was a man being carried on a funeral pyre.? This was the first time that he had seen that life is not just pleasure and joy. But it does include bad things, such as misery, despair, and death. He then came to realize that this too would happen to him. He became almost depressed until one day he saw the fourth sight. ?His fourth sight was a mink calmly walking alone in a yellow robe.?(Encyc. Brit.) He was now determined to find out a better way to live. He wanted to finds a way to get out of the inevitable suffering. This was the beginning of a six-year quest. Throug h this quest, he established an order of nuns and monks. He was enlightened, said to have ?woken up?. His title was now Buddha. His middle way of thinking and living was a path between self-denial and self-indulgence. (Gombrish,23) The major, sacred texts of Buddhism are known as ?Pali Canon.? There are thirty-one separate texts. These all came from five hundred years after Buddha died. Like many religious books, this book started as stories told by mouth, before they were written down. The scripture was broken down into baskets. The first basket included guidelines for being a monk. The second contained basic teachings of Buddha. The third focuses on an analysis of the nature of existence. (Gombrish, 23) On the contrary, Mahayana Buddhism says that any person possesses the ability to become a Buddha. Also, it says that we are not in our own quest for freedom. Help

Monday, November 25, 2019

Compare and Contrast the Pharisees and Sadducees Essay Example

Compare and Contrast the Pharisees and Sadducees Essay Example Compare and Contrast the Pharisees and Sadducees Paper Compare and Contrast the Pharisees and Sadducees Paper All religions over the ages have been comprised of subgroups maintaining differing beliefs, apparently these contrasting beliefs becoming more aggressive as time progresses. From church splits to outright sects, religious groups all seem to be subject to this division of beliefs, Judaism being no exception. Within Judaism over the centuries many differing beliefs have formed, discredited and accepted. This essay will compare and contrast two particular groups in the context of first century Palestine, the Pharisees and the Sadducees. The Pharisees and Sadducees in some ways can be likened to the political left / right model used in modern politics. The Pharisees being the left wing liberals, the blue collar working class citizens, among which resided some of the finest educated leaders in Judaism, whose chief occupation was teaching and leading in the context of the synagogue. The Sadducees on the other hand could be considered the right wing conservatives, the aristocratic and wealthy, made up of priests and merchants, who followed the letter of the law in its most literal interpretation, leaving no room for the current societal application of the law as did the Pharisees. There are three main sources which account for the majority of information we have about the two groups, those sources being from Josephus, a secular historian writing about 70C. E. to 100C. E. Commissioned by the Romans, his purpose being to convince the Romans that the Pharisees should have rule over the Jews. The second of the sources are the rabbinic writings, which for the most part succeed Josephus writing, and speak more of the internal affairs of Judaism. The third and final source is most obviously the New Testament from the Bible, particularly in the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles where the Pharisees and Sadducees are frequently mentioned, often conflicting with each other and Jesus. The word Pharisee derives from the Hebrew word perusim which translated means separated ones, implying the righteous and holy attitudes encompassed by their belief. The meaning of the word Sadducee is less clear, but it is commonly thought that they were named after the Priest Zadok, in the time of King David and King Solomon whom which Ezekiel declares the only true priest at the time. (Huie, B. 1997) The Pharisees were originally politically involved around 60B. C. E. but later relinquished this involvement and focused on the religious aspects of their existence. They are perhaps most well known for their zealous ambition for the Mosaic Law, and their understanding of, and abidance by it. Commonly in religious circles today, the word Pharisee is understood to mean religious hypocrite and often considered synonymous with hypocrisy. This view is perhaps misleading and not at all how they were seen and understood in first century Palestine. For most first century Palestinians, the Pharisees were seen as the most righteous and holy members of Judaism, sporting an extensive knowledge and understanding of the Torah, or Mosaic Law. They were concerned primarily with the promotion of the most holy conditions following the letter of the law to such an extent that the laws of temple worship were extended into everyday living and the home. The Pharisees, although not a large group, of around 6000 according to Josephus, were incredibly influential and well respected in Jewish circles. The Pharisees enjoyed an unequal share of the power in terms of leadership and were concerned with teaching and leading Jews in the synagogue setting. Although the Sadducees were predominantly the high priests in the temple, they, by fear of civil unrest, conformed to the customs of the Pharisees particularly in relation to ritual cleansing and purity. A defining characteristic of the Pharisees is their acceptance of and adherence to the Mishnah or the Oral Torah, an interpretive tradition passed down through generations, which was essentially an understanding of the application of the Torah in varying situations pertinent to the current direction of their society. This acceptance of the Oral Torah or Oral Law, is justified by a somewhat illusive verse in Moses writing stating put it in their mouths in regard to the law. (Johnson, P. 1988) Other particularly Pharisaic characteristics include the belief in the immortality of the soul, that the soul does not die with the body, but transcends life. This belief was recorded by Josephus in The antiquities of the Jews where he writes that souls have immortal vigor. Associated with this belief is the belief in resurrection, in angels and demons. The Pharisees avoided the widespread Greco-Roman Hellenisation around them, actively attempting to retain their own culture and customs, particularly in regards to deities and their worship. The place of Pharisees decreased rapidly after the fall of the temple, and the role of the Pharisees was transferred into that of the Rabbis in the synagogue. The Sadducees compare and contrast in various ways to that of the Pharisees. The two groups are often seen as polar, at opposite ends of the political spectrum, as mentioned earlier, in some cases this view is justified. The Sadducees, similarly, were Jews, the priestly line of Jews, often regarded as elitist and superior to other groups. They were politically inclined and actively sought to rule the Jews. The Sadducees occupied a majority of seats in the Sanhedrin, the highest court of the day, which was downgraded by Herod the Great to a religious court. The Sadducees also practiced religious piety, being solidly devoted to the Torah and its value. For the Sadducees, the written laws of Moses were the be all and end all, and the Mishnah had no place in their beliefs. They were much more legalistic than the Pharisees, and interpreted the Torah literally. Due to political pressures from the Jews, the Sadducees conformed to the customs and ways of the Pharisees, particularly in temple worship, to avoid disquiet. Another notable difference between the two groups is the Sadducees rejection of the notion of immortality of the soul, instead following the teaching of a Greek philosopher Epicurus. This Hellenistic view, of the soul dying with the body, is a classic example of the influence of the Greco-Roman culture to Judaism. Along with this view, all notions of the existence of angels and demons, and resurrection are deemed fictional. This view led to their condemnation by Jesus Christ late in his ministry, condemning their misunderstanding and lack of wisdom in regard to scripture. The Sadducees were a much smaller group and were never really accepted into mainstream Judaism, and were commonly considered a sect. With the destruction of the Temple in around 70C. E. the Sadducees practically vanished as their place of power, in the Temple, no longer existed and thus their place in society was no longer needed. While Pharisees and Sadducees share many common aspects of Judaism, there are a few defining characteristics held by each group which set them apart from the other. The primary differences between the two groups are the adherence to the Oral Torah, the belief in the immortality of the soul, and thus resurrection. Similarly the groups share a desire for control and ruler ship of the Judaic religion, spawning from a particularly strong devotion to following the Mosaic Laws. References: Cohen, Shaye J. D. , (1987) From Maccabees to the Mishnah (Philadelphia:The Westminster Press) pp.144-50 Department of Theology and Religious Studies, (2004) 2004 Coursebook -BIBS 121 Introduction to the New Testament with Exegesis. (University of Otago) pp. 37-38, 96-102. Huie, B. T. , 1997. Who Were the Pharisees and the Sadducees? (http://users. aristotle. net/~bhuie/pharsadd. htm) Accessed 17/08/04 Johnson, P. , (1998) A History of the Jews. (Perennial; Reprint edition (September 14, 1988)) pp 117-118 Josephus, F. The Antiquities of the Jews (www. ccel. org/j/josephus/works/ant-18. html) Bk18, Ch1, Section 4. Accessed 17/8/04

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The modern project management approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

The modern project management approach - Essay Example Formal project management techniques were developed in USA in the 1960's as part of the early missile programmes. These techniques have since been used in almost every area of society, from government agencies to non-profit organisations, and from engineering companies to service industries (Wikipedia). The early project management phase began in the 1950s in the United States where, from an ad-hoc-basis use of 'Gantt Charts' and informal techniques and tools, it graduated to the use of two mathematical 'project management models' known as: (1) the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, developed as part of the United States Navy's Polaris missile submarine programme; and (2) the "Critical Path Method" (CPM) developed in a joint venture by both DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises. In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was established to help the project management industry to perform better. The PMI has been of the view that the tools and techniques of project management are common for all applications in projects from the software industry to the traditional construction industry. In 1981, the PMI brought out The Guide to the Proje ct Management Body of Knowledge, containing the standards and guidelines of practice that are widely used throughout the profession (Wikipedia). Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project. A project organisation will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. According to the Project Management Institute, the discipline of project management can be defined as follows: 'Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Marketing - Explain and Evaluate Porter's 'five forces' model Essay

Marketing - Explain and Evaluate Porter's 'five forces' model - Essay Example This model has become widely known, discussed and applied to various markets or industries. Porter’s Five Forces Model attempts to explain the forces which operate in the market with a potential to reduce the profitability of a firm as a result of the interests of various actors which are a part of the market, or who interact with the industry. Although consideration of Porter’s Five Forces model is essential for any analysis related to an industry or a market, the model also presents some limitations when it is used for the analysis of dynamic, global markets in which fast innovation, technology change and a rapid change of players has come to be accepted. This essay presents an explanation of Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model and examines some of the model’s limitations. Existing industries and those players who are about to enter a market, as well as the investors who want to make an investment in an industry need to understand the competitor dynamics associated with the industry or market. Such an understanding is necessary for the assessment of the potential investment opportunities associated with a venture so as to provide a better assessment of the returns which can be expected, sound business or strategic planning and how the products or services which are being offered by an industry player may be differentiated or enhanced from what is being offered by the competitors. Various models have been offered to assist with such an analysis including the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats or SWOT model, Igor Ansoff’s Gap Analysis model, the resource based model and Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model (Porter, 1998) and (Quick MBA, 2005). Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model is one of the most popular and respected model which attempts to provide a greater understanding of the business environment of the industry and its relative attractiveness. The

Monday, November 18, 2019

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Service Industries Case Study - 1

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Service Industries - Case Study Example r that the Amazon.com Company is a verified technology leader; it has developed electronic commerce innovations such as personalization of shopping services and easy-to-use search and browse features (Anderson & Young, 2001). Shopping at Amazon.com is fast and safe, incorporating a simple ordering system, secure credit card transactions, and e-mail communication with customers and direct shipping internationally. The Internet is an increasingly significant global medium for online commerce. The Company’s headquarters are based in the Seattle, Washington. The Amazon.com firm successfully accomplished its initial civic offering in the mid-month of the year 1997 and its common stock is listed on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol AMZN. In many ways, Amazon.com is perhaps the company that is most closely tied with the E-Commerce phenomenon. The company has grown from a bookseller to a fundamental Wal-Mart of the website selling products as diverse such as Music compact discs, game applications, software and apparatus and hardware. The company has also grown at a steady rate with revenues rising from about one hundred million dollars in 1997 to three billion dollars in 2001 (Anderson & Young, 2001). However, the rise in revenue has led to a corresponding increase in operating losses making the company to run a great deficit. The company did make its first quarterly profit of five million dollars in the fourth quarter of 2001. Unfortunately, this was made to decline by vital cumulative losses. Great economists first defined the concept of Activity Based Activity in the late 19th century in that period. Originally, the ABC was focusing on the manufacturing industry where the technical upgrading and output upgrading had reduced the quantity of express labor and the material costs, though there was an increase in the percentage of indirect or overhead cost. In contrast to the traditional cost accounting system, the activity based cost systems originally

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Factors that Increase Sensitivity to Nicotine Dependence

Factors that Increase Sensitivity to Nicotine Dependence Age of tobacco use initiation, concomitant tobacco use and nicotine dependence Ziyue Wu Abstract Introduction The growing use of tobacco products have strong negative effects on public health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and lung disease (MacKenzie, Bartecchi, Schrier, 1994). As the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., tobacco use has been linked to the death of approximately 5 million people annually (Jha, Chaloupka, Moore, Gajalakshmi, Gupta, Peck, Asma Zatonski, 2006). Given the addictive nature of nicotine, many tobacco users are likely to become chronic smokers and to have difficulty achieving successful cessation. Most research on tobacco use has focused on cigarette smoking. Ethnicity and gender have been found to be associated with cigarette smoking behavior (Hu et al., 2006[LD1]). Further, psychiatric disorders have been shown to contribute to the transition from daily smoking to nicotine dependence (Dierker Donny, 2007; Breslau et al., 1998). Despite the large number of studies examining cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence, risk for dependence based on other types of tobacco use have received far less research attention. Different types of tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe smoking, snuff, tobacco chewing) may predict nicotine dependence differently. Such difference may be more significant between smokeless tobacco users and smokers. Moreover, little is known about combined effects of tobacco use on risk for nicotine dependence. ways of tobacco use. Different types of tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe smoking, snuff, tobacco chewing) may predict nicotine dependence differently. Such difference may be more significant between smokeless tobacco users and smokers. Concomitant smokers may follow a unique pattern. Also, age of the initiation of tobacco use may be correlated with current usage amount and number of ways of tobacco use. It remains uncertain that whether individuals with earlier onsets of tobacco use have greater risk of becoming nicotine dependent and using tobacco concomitantly. [LD2] By examining the data from The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), this study sought to (a) understand whether different ways of consuming tobacco might lead to different levels of sensitivity to nicotine dependence; (b) discover whether age of initiation of tobacco using behavior contributes to different levels of sensitivity to nicotine dependence; (c) find out whether age of initiation is associated with concomitant tobacco use, especially combined use of smokeless tobacco and smoking; (d) discover that which ways of tobacco did most concomitant users used first.[LD3] Method Sample The sample was taken from the first wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). NESARC, described by Grant et al. (2006publication year?)., has an unprecedented large sample size (n=43,093) to achieve stable estimates of even rare conditions. It represents the civilian, noninstitutionalized adult population of the United States, including residents of the District of Columbia, Alaska, and Hawaii. People that lived in households, military personnel that lived off base, and people that lived group quarters: boarding or rooming houses, nontransient hotels and motels, shelters, facilities for housing workers, college quarters, and group homes (Grant et al, publication year), were interviewed in a computer-assisted personal basis after consenting to participate. The present analyses were based on all the respondents. This sample was chosen to assess both current tobacco users and tobacco abstainers. Measures Use of Tobacco products use was measured by asking respondents whether they had used cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco these products in past twelve month (â€Å"Had you used cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco in past twelve months?†). Frequency of Ccurrent tobacco use was measured with the question ing behavior was evaluated by the frequency (â€Å"How often did you use cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco in past twelve months?†) and quantity was measured with the question (â€Å"What was the usual quantity when you used them?†). Usage quantities of certain kinds of tobacco per month were estimated by multiplying midpoint of the range of each reported frequency per month and reported usual usage quantity. Age related measures selected as third variables and control variables included age, age at the onset of certain kinds of smoking behavior (â€Å"How old were you when you first used cigarettes/ cigars/ pipes/ snuffs/ chewing tobacco?†), age at the onset of using them daily use (â€Å"How old were you when you started using them daily?†), age at the onset of tobacco using behavior (â€Å"How old were you when using tobacco at the first time?†) and age at the onset of everyday tobacco useing behavior (â€Å"How old were you when starting to use tobacco daily?†). A variable reflecting number of kinds of tobacco used was created to separate concomitant tobacco users from single way users. For concomitant tobacco users, I created variables to show the current combination of ways in tobacco use and the combination of ways when the respondents started using tobacco[LD4][EW5]. A variable reflecting the number of years since the respondents started using tobacco w as also created by subtracting the age at the onset of tobacco using initiation from age at the interview. A categorical variable was also created to describe which combinations of tobacco use the respondents fell into, single way smoking, single way smokeless tobacco, concomitant use of smoking, concomitant use of smokeless tobacco, or concomitant use of smoking and smokeless tobacco. NICE!! Nicotine dependence related variable was â€Å"Nicotine dependence in past twelve month†. Data Analyses In the first question asked, Logistic regression was estimated to determinesee whether different ways of tobacco usieng predicted nicotine dependence independently. For the secondA second set of question, another logistic regression analyses were was conducted within each type of tobacco using behavior, with controlvariables for amount used usage amount, age, ethnicity and gender controlled, to verify the correlation between the age of initiation and probability in getting nicotine dependent. A two way interaction tested by Pearson Correlation Test was conducted to examinefind out association between age of initiation of tobacco using and current number of tobacco use ways. [LD6] Results Different tobacco uses and nicotine dependence More than one fourth (25.80%) of the respondents reported some forms of tobacco use in past 12 months. Among those who used tobacco in past 12 months, 89.216% (n=9,913) smoked cigarettes, 10.106% (n=1,119) smoked cigars, 1.93% (n=215) used pipes, 6.548% (n=720) used snuffs and 4.52% (N=502) chewed tobacco. Further, the number of average cigarettes smoked per month climbed towas 186.26 (SD=332.32), whereas the numbers of monthly uses of cigars, pipe smoking, snuffs and chewing tobacco are onlywere 2.108 (SD=27.61), 2.879 (SD=28.70), 4.108 (SD=38.38) and 1.94 (SD=24.71), respectively.. [EW7] Logistic regression was used to examine the association between different kinds of tobacco use and nicotine dependence, with covariatescontrolling for of age of tobacco use initiation, years using tobacco, ethnicity and gender. Cigarettes, snuffs and chewing tobacco were positively associated with nicotine dependence, while cigars and pipe smoking failed to independently predict nicotine dependence. [EW8] Age of onset, tobacco usage amount, and nicotine dependence The average age of onset of tobacco use was 16.548 (SD=5.21) years old, and the average number of years using tobacco was 32.108 (SD=17.37) years old. Of 18,943 subjects who reported ever using tobacco, 77.656% (n=14,693) started before adulthood. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between age of initiation and nicotine dependence. Covariates included years using tobacco, ethnicity, gender and tobacco use. Age of onset of tobacco use was found to be negatively related to nicotine dependence, with earlier onsets associated with higher risks for nicotine dependence. Moreover, multiple regression was used to estimate the correlation between age of initiation and current tobacco useage amount, also with variables forcontrolling for years using tobacco, ethnicity and gender controlled. For users of most popular type of tobacco use, cigarette smokingers showed strong positive relationship between age of onset of cigarette smoking and amount of current smoking amount. Earlier onsets actually elevated was associated with a higher current cigarette smoking amount. NAnd number of cigarettes consumed was found directly linkedto be positively associated with likelihood of experiencing to nicotine dependence[LD9]. This result might serve as another clue for earlier onsets probably promoted risks for nicotine dependence. [EW10] Concomitant tobacco users and single way users Among theose 11,118 respondents who reported tobacco use in past 12 months, 10.3% (n=1,149) of them were concomitant users. Also, among 1144 concomitant tobacco users (total 1149) with available data, 54.655% (n=624) hadof them started smoking cigarettes as the first way to of usinge tobacco. In total, 71.3% (n=816) of respondents started using tobacco in smoking forms (cigarettes, cigars, pipes or combined smoking). Only 20.72% (n=237) of respondents first started using tobacco in smokeless form (snuffs, tobacco chewing or combined smokeless tobacco). The rest, only 8.39% (n=96) of respondents, first used tobacco in both smoking and smokeless tobacco. Also, among 1034 daily concomitant tobacco users, 70.50% (n=729) started smoking cigarettes first. REALLY NICE!! Outcome of the Pearson correlation tests for age of tobacco use initiation and current numbers of ways used showed a small, significant negative correlation (r= -0.11, pwas associated with a larger number of ways of using tobacco. elevated the probability in becoming tobacco co-users. Moreover, tobacco users were separated into different categories, single way smoking, single way smokeless tobacco, concomitant use of smoking, concomitant use of smokeless tobacco, or concomitant use of smoking and smokeless tobacco. Chi-square test was conducted to examine each of two different categories and nicotine dependence. Single way smokeless tobacco users were found to have lower probabilities of becoming nicotine dependence than all the other groups of users, except of the concomitant use of smokeless tobacco users. Also, the group of concomitant use of smokeless tobacco users were also found to have lower probabilities of nicotine dependence than co-users of smoking and smokeless tobacco[LD11]. [EW12] Discussion The present study sought to examine whether age of onset of tobacco use was associated with nicotine dependence and numbers of kinds of tobacco used. The study also aimed to examine whether different kinds of tobacco use were differently related to nicotine dependence. Further, itToabccoTobacco use was also examined amongthe tobacco use of concomitant users. Four major findings appeared. First, different ways of tobacco use were actually associated with nicotine dependence differently. Whereas cigars and pipe smoking failed to independently predict nicotine dependence, the other three kinds of tobacco, cigarettes, pipe smoking, snuffs and chewing tobacco were independently positively related to nicotine dependence. Second, age of onset of tobacco use was associated with nicotine dependence. An earlier initiation of tobacco use enhanced the probability of getting nicotine dependence. Third, age of onset of tobacco use also had correlation with number of kinds of tobacco use. An earlie r onset also elevated the probability of becoming concomitant users. Lastly, most of the co-users of tobacco started with smoking cigarettes. The finding of different directions of association with nicotine dependence in various kinds of tobacco may be explained by discrete habits and intentions of tobacco use. Of the five kinds of tobacco, cigars and pipe smoking failed to independently predict nicotine dependence (p=0.40). Two facts may be the causes of this may explain this explainationsexplanations phenomenon. First,First, most of the cigar smokers and pipe smokers were concomitant smokers. AIt is possible that among all cigar smokers (n=1,119) and pipe smokers (n=215), 62.02% (n=694) of cigar smokers and 74.88% (n=161) of pipe smokers were concomitant tobacco users. Second, most cigar smokers and pipe smokers did not consume large amount of cigar products. 80.07% (n= 896) of cigar users smoked less than or equal to 14 cigars per month. 60.93% (n=[LD13]131) [EW14]of pipe smokers used pipe smoking 18 times or less. Such small dose of intake may not result in enough variety of nicotine dependence. To sum up, cigar users and pipe users probably consumed these products not for satisfying the desire for nicotine but simply for a hobby. The correlation between age of tobacco use initiation and nicotine dependence showed that early initiation enhanced increased the probability of nicotine dependence. In the case of a special substance, the cigarette smoking, early initiation also elevated the current useage amount. of tobacco product[LD15]. This outcome is consistent with previous literature that stated early age of onset was associated with heavy smoking in later life (Chen Millar, 1998). Although early age of onset has been evaluated with its potential to enhance tobacco use amount, difficulty in tobacco cessation (Chen Millar, 1998; Khuder et al., 1999) and tobacco use frequency (Taioli Wynder, 1991), result of the present study has initiated strong implication that age of onset may also directly influence the possibility of becoming nicotine dependent. Moreover, the relationship between age of tobacco initiation and current kinds of tobacco use indicated that early onset also promoted the probability of becoming a current polytobacco users. Previous researchers have discovered that evidence that gender, ethnicity, education and income are related to concomitant tobacco use (Bombard, Pederson, Nelson Malarcher, 2007). However, the present study has shown evidence for the association between age of tobacco use onset and concomitant tobacco users. Further, the present study showed that a significantly large proportion of concomitant users started using tobacco by smoking cigarettes, and then stepped initiated into other kinds of tobacco. The direction of shifting among different tobacco products has been studied by others, and several various results have emerged. While some have suggested that smokeless tobacco products may act as gateway substances to cigarette smoking (Hatsukami, Nelson Jensen, 1991; Haddock et al., 2001), others have also proposed that cigarette smoking initiates smokeless tobacco use (Riley et al., 1996). There are also some researchers that have claimed none of them initiates the other (Wetter et al., 2002). The outcome of the present study suggests that cigarette smoking is likely to precede smokeless tobacco use. In the pair comparisons of different combinations of tobacco use, the group that only used one kind of smokeless tobacco showed a significantly lower probability ofin becoming nicotine dependent than groups of single way smokers, concomitant smokers and co-users of smoking and smokeless tobacco. The only group that was not significantly different did not show significantce variation in sensitivity to nicotine dependence from the group of single way smokeless tobacco users was the group of concomitant smokeless [LD16]tobacco users. One of the reasonable explanation of such phenomenon is that smokeless tobacco may be less addictive than smoking (Henningfield, Fant Tomar, 1997). Another explanation is that smokeless tobacco users might use less amount of tobacco products per month. The ANOVA of the combined amount of tobacco products used per month was conducted to test whether smokeless tobacco users had smaller amount of tobacco use. The result showed that the average usage amount of single way smokeless tobacco users was 97.94, which was significantly lower than those of single way smokers, concomitant smokers and concomitant users of smoking and smokeless tobacco, which were 408.22, 460.77 and 584.38. Strengths and limitations There are several limitations in the present study. First, only frequency of use and usual use quantity were available for estimating the amount of the tobacco products used per month. Such calculation was incomplete for reflecting the actual amount of use. Moreover, there was no measure for Conclusions and implications OUTLINE Briefly summarizing what you found (Summary) Take the main sentences of the results, don’t keep changing the words Finding 1, 2, 3: linking them to previous literature When talk about literature, don’t keep writing about the results Strengths and limitations Conclusions and implications: what should future research look at References Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Schultz, L. R., Chilcoat, H. D., Andreski, P. (1998). Major depression and stages of smoking: a longitudinal investigation.Archives of general Psychiatry,55(2), 161-166. Chen, J., Millar, W. J. (1998). Age of smoking initiation: implications for quitting.HEALTH REPORTS-STATISTICS CANADA,9, 39-48. Dierker, L., Donny, E. (2008). The role of psychiatric disorders in the relationship between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among young adults.Nicotine Tobacco Research,10(3), 439-446. Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A. (2006). Introduction to the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.Alcohol Health Research World,29(2), 74. Haddock, C. K., Weg, M. V., DeBon, M., Klesges, R. C., Talcott, G. W., Lando, H., Peterson, A. (2001). Evidence that smokeless tobacco use is a gateway for smoking initiation in young adult males.Preventive medicine,32(3), 262-267. Hatsukami, D., Nelson, R., Jensen, J. (1991). Smokeless tobacco: Current status and future directions.British Journal of Addiction,86(5), 559-563. Hatsukami, D. K., Lemmonds, C., Tomar, S. L. (2004). Smokeless tobacco use: harm reduction or induction approach?.Preventive medicine,38(3), 309-317. Henningfield, J. E., Fant, R. V., Tomar, S. L. (1997). Smokeless tobacco: an addicting drug.Advances in dental research,11(3), 330-335. Hu, M. C., Davies, M., Kandel, D. B. (2006). Epidemiology and correlates of daily smoking and nicotine dependence among young adults in the United States.American Journal of Public Health,96(2), 299-308. Jha, P., Chaloupka, F. J., Moore, J., Gajalakshmi, V., Gupta, P. C., Peck, R., Zatonski, W. (2006). Tobacco addiction. Khuder, S. A., Dayal, H. H., Mutgi, A. B. (1999). Age at smoking onset and its effect on smoking cessation.Addictive behaviors,24(5), 673-677. MacKenzie, T. D., Bartecchi, C. E., Schrier, R. W. (1994). The human costs of tobacco use. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(14), 975-980. Riley, W. T., Kaugars, G. E., Grisius, T. M., Page, D. G., Burns, J. C., Svirsky, J. A. (1996). Adult smokeless tobacco use and age of onset.Addictive behaviors,21(1), 135-138. Taioli, E., Wynder, E. L. (1991). Effect of the age at which smoking begins on frequency of smoking in adulthood.N Engl J Med,325(13), 968-969. Wetter, D. W., McClure, J. B., de Moor, C., Cofta-Gunn, L., Cummings, S., Cinciripini, P. M., Gritz, E. R. (2002). Concomitant use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: prevalence, correlates, and predictors of tobacco cessation.Preventive medicine,34(6), 638-648. [LD1]You need to say what ethnic groups or which gender are more likely to use tobacco. It is not enough to say ethnicity and gender are associated with tobacco use. [LD2]This needs to be preceded by what the literature has shown on age of onset. In its current form, the paragraph comes a bit from left field for the reader. [LD3]You can include this in your results, but I don’t think it is on par with your other questions, so it does not need to be included here. [LD4]Not sure how to edit this, but a little less clear than earlier descriptions. [EW5]Describe the categories [LD6] We can discuss. [EW7]One decimal place for percentage and number Two decimal places for SD and SE [EW8]Add the sentence stating the likelihood, odd ratios and confidence intervals [LD9]Logistic regression? [EW10]Maybe I can delete it [LD11]Add the actual rates to this sentence. [EW12]Should I add some more details? [LD13] [EW14]Decide whether to delete it or put it in the result part [LD15] [LD16]

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Agatha Christie :: essays research papers

Agatha Christie: Queen of the Mystery Genre Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller was born to Mr. and Mrs. Fred Miller of Torquay, Devon, England. Researchers debate on the year in which she was born, but it was September 15 in either 1890 or 1891. Her father was an American who lived with his British wife in Torquay. At the time, her parents did not realize that their daughter would one day become a famous English author, writing an insatiable amount of novels and plays. Her focus was mainly on the mystery genre of literature. She was married two times, and bore one daughter by her first husband. In 1971, five years before her death, Christie was given the prestigious title of a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. She died January 12, 1976 at Wallingford in Oxfordshire (Prichard www.mysteries.com/birthday/). Agatha Miller was born the third child to her parents, Fred and Mary Miller. She grew up in Torquay, Devon, England. She was taught at home by her mother and several tutors and governesses, never attending a real sch ool. As a child, Miller kept herself occupied by inventing games to play with her siblings. Not being around other children besides her siblings made Miller a shy child. She was not outspoken in her thoughts, so she expressed her feelings in music. Later in life, she would turn to writing as a means of expression (Yaffe BKYaffe@nltl.columbia.edu). Agatha Miller’s first husband was Archibald Christie, who was a World War I fighter pilot. The newlywed Mrs. Christie worked as a nurse while her husband was off at war. Through her nursing experiences, she learned of many new drugs on the market. These drugs fascinated her, thus prompting her to use them as factors in several of her Graham 2 works. Her marriage to Christie lasted only twelve years, and they were divorced in 1926. Not long after her divorce from her first husband, Christie disappeared without a trace for a short period of ten days. She was found at a resort hotel, claiming to be a victim of amnesia caused by emotion al stress. Agatha Christie had checked into the hotel under the alias Theresa Neele; Neele being the surname of her husband’s mistress. After a full memory recovery, Christie claimed for the rest of her life that she truly suffered amnesia. Some critics say that Christie faked her amnesia to do two things. Agatha Christie :: essays research papers Agatha Christie: Queen of the Mystery Genre Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller was born to Mr. and Mrs. Fred Miller of Torquay, Devon, England. Researchers debate on the year in which she was born, but it was September 15 in either 1890 or 1891. Her father was an American who lived with his British wife in Torquay. At the time, her parents did not realize that their daughter would one day become a famous English author, writing an insatiable amount of novels and plays. Her focus was mainly on the mystery genre of literature. She was married two times, and bore one daughter by her first husband. In 1971, five years before her death, Christie was given the prestigious title of a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. She died January 12, 1976 at Wallingford in Oxfordshire (Prichard www.mysteries.com/birthday/). Agatha Miller was born the third child to her parents, Fred and Mary Miller. She grew up in Torquay, Devon, England. She was taught at home by her mother and several tutors and governesses, never attending a real sch ool. As a child, Miller kept herself occupied by inventing games to play with her siblings. Not being around other children besides her siblings made Miller a shy child. She was not outspoken in her thoughts, so she expressed her feelings in music. Later in life, she would turn to writing as a means of expression (Yaffe BKYaffe@nltl.columbia.edu). Agatha Miller’s first husband was Archibald Christie, who was a World War I fighter pilot. The newlywed Mrs. Christie worked as a nurse while her husband was off at war. Through her nursing experiences, she learned of many new drugs on the market. These drugs fascinated her, thus prompting her to use them as factors in several of her Graham 2 works. Her marriage to Christie lasted only twelve years, and they were divorced in 1926. Not long after her divorce from her first husband, Christie disappeared without a trace for a short period of ten days. She was found at a resort hotel, claiming to be a victim of amnesia caused by emotion al stress. Agatha Christie had checked into the hotel under the alias Theresa Neele; Neele being the surname of her husband’s mistress. After a full memory recovery, Christie claimed for the rest of her life that she truly suffered amnesia. Some critics say that Christie faked her amnesia to do two things.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Disadvantages of E-Marketing Outweigh the Advantages

Throughout the past 50 years, marketing has changed substantially with the development of science and technology. Since start of the age of information technology from as early as the 1960s, traditional marketing has been evolving into to a new form of marketing, E-marketing. E-marketing is the use of information technology in the processes of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers, and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders (Strauss, J 2006 P. 3). With the increasing demands of consumers, digital media brings more opportunities and at the same time more challenges for operators in today’s world. As a marketing mode that typically reach its audiences via the Internet, e-marketing benefits from the advantages of the internet and transcends distance and time, to which traditional marketing cannot measure up. Meanwhile, the shortcomings of the virtual world also impact e-marketing negatively, namely security issue and the cost of computer hardware which limits its reach in the developing world. As a result, e-marketing is like a two-sided blade. This essay will argue that the disadvantages of e-marketing outweigh the advantages support due to the following: limitation of access to computers, the threat to personal privacy, high cost and the low efficiency. Two significant advantages of e-marketing for public are global reach and convenient. By using the Internet as a channel of marketing, e-marketing has the same features as that of internet which can implement services for customers from different countries at any time. E-marketing can be particularly useful for niche providers, companies whose products can be posted easily, or businesses that are looking to expand geographically but cannot afford to invest in new offices or businesses (DTI 2004, P. 4). The commercial information can reach anyone, anywhere that provided internet access in the world. It allows merchants to tap new markets and competition globally. In addition, time is no longer a factor effects on marketing. (Strauss, J 2006 P. 5) Instead of being applied by organizations and officers during typical working hours, most of the marketing efforts from e-marketing are supported by website, which open 24 hours and 7 days a week. However, e-marketing has one main obstacle which is the limitation of access to computer as the result of the costs of the hardware, the low speed of internet connection and unreliable power supplies. Firstly, despite advances in the past few decades, ownership of personal computers is still very low in the develo ping world. In Ukraine, for example, only 1. 8 percent of the population owns a personal computer. In Mexico, 6. 8 percent of the entire population owns a personal computer; and in India, only half of 1 percent of the population owns one (Strauss, J 2006 P. 81). The statistics of the ownership of personal computer in the countries above indicate that e-marketing limits the potential audience the marketing efforts try to reach. Secondly, e-marketing is the balance between connection speed and web site design. In the developing countries, internet connection is still largely through dial-up connections, which depends on the telephone lines and restrict the speed at which data can be sent and received. In 2005, Italy had 0. 77 percent of its total population as broadband subscribers, while China had 0. 21 percent, and Russia had 0. 02 percent of its citizens subscribe to broadband (Strauss, J 2006 P. 87). This data illustrates that broadband is still limited in use as the communication infrastructure for e-marketing. The third challenge for e-marketing is the unreliable power supply in many countries. In Nepal, one of the poorest countries in the world, only 15% of all households have access to electricity. Moreover, it sometimes experienced blackouts during the summer months across the entire country (Strauss, J 2006 P. 84). The unstable electricity supplies make e-marketing unavailable to cater to the consumers via the internet. All in all, the use of the Internet benefits e-marketing with its reach, but also has serious drawbacks. Another apparent characteristic of e-marketing is personalization. Customers can acquire entertainment directly from the preferred individual receiving devices. Marketing by email or banner advertising enable multimedia one-to-one communication that makes the market easier to establish how effective your campaign has been. E-marketing is one-to-one and focuses objectives on the customers, which can typically reach the one who wants to know the products and services instantly and benefit the operators to receive the individual information and greet the customers with targeted offers (Descoeudres, O 2004 P. 3). The essential part of the one-to-one marketing is base on the specific customer database. The database was established when the buyers accomplish interaction and trade on the web, allowing the company to quickly obtain detailed information about customers’ responses to the advertising and contribute to the decision of transform the marketing strategies. Despite this advantage, the use of the Internet poses threats to personal privacy whi ch limit the spread of e-marketing. For instance, Tonysmart. om sold the customers’ information that they registered in the site when the company went to bankrupt, proclaiming that the customer database belongs to the company’s asset (Lamb, C. W 2006, P. 651). Similar incidents lead to the lack of trust from the majority of customers, who hesitate in providing to private information to web companies. â€Å"Internet as a virtual marketplace is still not greatly acceptable to orthodox buyers who prefer physical interaction and review of products and services before buying them. (Nantel, J 2004) to build up the trust bridge between the interactions of customers and companies in the virtual world is an ongoing process, which requires more time to achieve. To compare with traditional marketing, some proponents of e-marketing believe that cost advantage is one of the considerable merits. â€Å"E-marketing eliminates printing and postage costs, taking the best of traditional newsletters, advertisement, or dire ct-mail offers and customizing them, sending them electronically at a fraction of the cost of other methods† (The Advantages of E-Marketing, 2007). In fact, although e-marketing saves more postage costs, which may seems to reduce the investing input for operators, the money spend on setting up and tagging with the online payment channels, online allocation costs, cost of upgrading and maintenance of site are all the requirements for a successful sustaining marketing on the Internet. â€Å"Japan’s average monthly subscription charge is slightly more than 24 dollar per month, a relatively manageable amount given average household income levels. Yet, Lithuania and Slovenia have average monthly charges almost twice that amount† (Strauss, J 2006 P. 4). The consequence is inescapable that accessing to the Internet through land lines whether dial-up or via boardband is expensive in general. By 2011, online consumption will surpass TV as the number one medium worldwide. Despite this, some industries have been slow to adapt to changing consumer trends. Overall, marketers invest only 7. 5% of their advertising marketing budg et to online initiatives. The insufficient capabilities that in-house and agency are with the leading 59 percentage deterrent to investing online (Steve Latham, 2008). There is no surprise that online marketing is still relatively new, some what complication, and transform rapidly. Most corporations are still trying to make sense of new methods and develop new strategies to utilize it. â€Å"After years of one-off efforts, many are taking time to define their key objectives, strategies, tactics and requirements for achieving them. †(Steve Latham, 2008). On the other hand, the tight supply of talent is also a problem for both brands and agencies. According to Descoeudres (2004), finding skilled technicists to execute digital strategies is a huge challenge for e-marketing. As e-marketing involved in a certain range of marketing space, there are still not many clients who will enroll as loyal customers in the customer database. While this number grows over the years with time, some offline complementary methods are reliable to enhance the customer database. Striking a balance between offline efforts and continuing online efforts or a combination of the two actually helps the company to highlight the market presence as an entrepreneur. Therefore, it is very important that marketers are aware of the reward and inconveniences of e-marketing before they really strategize to optimize their revenue on the advantages and nullify the disadvantageous effects of virtual e-marketing. In conclusion, e-marketing becomes an integral strategy of marketing and business nowadays, which is widely used as manifestation method to contribute to marketing activities aimed at achieving profitable acquisition and retention of customers. Nevertheless, it still has a great amount of drawbacks including the lower range of the ownership of computer, the coverage of the Internet and the neglect of the personal privacy, the uneconomical input for consumers. As a consequence, e-marketers should never underestimate the negative impacts of e-marketing. In the long run, the function of e-marketing can be further developed to enhance its benefits for both customers and merchants by resolving the problems mentioned above.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Facts About Saskatchewan, the Land of Living Skies

Facts About Saskatchewan, the Land of Living Skies The prairie province of Saskatchewan produces more than half of the wheat grown in Canada. Saskatchewan is the birthplace of Canadian medicare and home of the RCMP training academy. Location of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan extends from the U.S. border along the 49th parallel to the Northwest Territories border along the 60th parallel. The province lies between Alberta on the west and Manitoba to the east, and between the Northwest Territories on the north and the states of Montana and North Dakota on the south See map of Saskatchewan Area of Saskatchewan 588,239.21 sq. km (227,120.43 sq. miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Population of Saskatchewan 1,033,381 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Capital of Saskatchewan Regina, Saskatchewan Date Saskatchewan Entered Confederation September 1, 1905 Government of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Party Last Saskatchewan Provincial Election November 7, 2011 Premier of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall Main Saskatchewan Industries Agriculture, services, mining

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

A Woman Love for a Man Essay Example

A Woman Love for a Man Essay Example A Woman Love for a Man Essay A Woman Love for a Man Essay Essay Topic: The Heart Of a Woman Compare and Contrast Essay: â€Å"Story of an Hour† and â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† Thesis: In the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Mary Chopin and the poem â€Å"To my Dear and Loving Husband†, by Anne Bradstreet both authors reveal how each of their female characters feel about their husband and how each feelings are expressed differently I. Both women are treated differently by their husbands. A. In the â€Å"Story of an Hour†, the central character, Louise Mallard, feels locked in her marriage. B. In â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†, the author Anne feels safe and secure in her marriage. II. Both women express different feelings about their mates. A. In â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Louise feels that it is not enough that her husband loves her. B. In â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†, Anne values her relationship with her husband more than anything. III. Both authors use literary concepts to make their writings easier to understand. A. In â€Å"Story of an Hour†, the line free, free, free tells us that Louise feels free after learning of her husband’s death. B. In â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†, the line I prize thy love more than mines of gold tells us that she values their love very much. A WOMAN’S LOVE FOR A MAN As every woman is an individual with distinct characteristics so too will her feelings towards her husband are uniquely expressed. There are husbands who try to control their wives so much that the woman cannot freely follow does their own will. Then there are those who are devoted to their wives through thick and thin. In the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Mary Chopin and the poem â€Å"To my Dear and Loving Husband†, by Anne Bradstreet both authors reveal how each of their female characters feel about their husband and how each feelings are expressed differently. Both women are treated differently by their husbands. In Mary Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Chopin describes how the central character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is locked into a marriage. She is the kind of wife who cannot voice her own opinion, â€Å"without getting approval of her husband† (12). In Anne Bradstreet’s â€Å"To my Dear and Loving Husband†, the author Anne Bradstreet represents herself as a wife who feels secure and safe while living with her husband. It demonstrates a very loving and happy relationship between husband and wife. Therefore, getting approval from her husband would not be so hard because of his love for her. There are key differences in how each woman expressed her feelings toward her husband. In the â€Å"Story of an Hour†, the husband, Brently Mallard, is still a good man to Louise because â€Å"he never looks upon her with anything but love† (12). However, despite the fact that Louise knows that her husband loves her, the sense of his domination makes it difficult for her to feel any love. She can merely attest to an occasional feeling of affection: â€Å"And yet she loved him, sometimes† (15). In â€Å"To my Dear and Loving Husband†, a love poem, dedicated to her husband, â€Å"Anne conveys how much she loves her husband, and that she values her love of her husband more than money; more than anything anyone can imagine† (5-6) . Both authors both use literary concepts to make their writings easier to understand and interesting to read. In â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Louise Mallard learns about a railroad disaster from her sister and her husband’s friend Richard. Brently Mallards name leads the list of those â€Å"killed† (1). At first she weeps in her sisters arms. However, she soon begins to recognize a different sensation. â€Å"A whispered word escapes her slightly parted lips. Under her breath she was says: Free, free, free† (11). This tells us that she is indeed free from the marriage that has kept her repressed. At the same time, love brings on more meaning in â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†. Anne states, â€Å"I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold, Or all the riches that the East doth hold† (5-6). This tells us that she values their love very much; more than anything money could buy. She does not care how rich the people in the East are; she already feels rich because of the love that she and her husband share. Anne conveys that she is a happy wife because he has given her all her happiness as indicated in the line â€Å"If ever wife was happy in man, Compare with me, ye woman if can† (4). Clearly, she is proud of the love she and her husband have for each other. Both women eventually experience love to the death, both physically and mentally. In â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†, Anne strongly believes that their love can be preserved; that it will last forever. In the last line of the poem, â€Å"Then while we live, in love let’s so preserver, Then when we live no more, we may live ever† (10-11). Anne is speaking from her point of view. She believe that even if one day, that they are dead, their love will still live on forever. In the â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Louise Mallard’s husband shows up at the door of their house and she realizes that her husband was never on the train. Her heart gives out suddenly; ironically given by the doctor attribute this to â€Å"the joy that kills† (23). In both pieces of writing, each character had experiences more or less love in a different way. One man disallows his wife to unable to make her own life decisions; the other stands by his wife with unconditional love. In Louise’s case, she experiences real freedom during the absence of her husband’s domination. Even if it was a short hour, it was the time when all her dreams came true. I believe that Mrs. Mallard’s death was not only because she was shocked to see her husband, but because she was sad about the loss of her new-found freedom. In Anne’s case, she is enjoying her relationship with her husband, as her husband is the kind of man that treasures his wife. The story and poem both discuss love. The poem tells us that some people view love so strongly, that they truly believe in eternal love, that their love will continue even after they die. In the story, the husband and wife do not have enough love between one another: one is giving and the other is taking. Therefore that kind of love does not last eternally. It is the love demonstrated in â€Å"To my Dear and Loving Husband† that is the cornerstone for every marriage; true love operates both directions. WORKS CITED Bradstreet, Anne. â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2007. 1169. Chopin, Mary. â€Å"Story of an Hour†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2007. 342-344.

Monday, November 4, 2019

From Freemasons to Industrious Patriots Assignment

From Freemasons to Industrious Patriots - Assignment Example Sticking to the German context, the author shows that with time, freemasons were allowed to inculcate elite practices as joining reading book clubs, improving drinking habits and recognizing organizational discipline. The author also studies that modernization of organizational culture began in two waves, one in 1760 and the other in 1790s with the establishment of patriotic societies which had strong influence in decision making process of the governmental bodies of the states, in spite of poor number of members in the 50 to 60 such groups found all through Germany. This was the beginning of modern organizations wherein the philosophy of the organization was more important than self discipline, patriotism or ethical practices. According to Kieser, people who follow organizational discipline in modern day organizations, fail to recognize the need of learning new and individualistic working styles and disciplines. This is in stark contrast to the rational approach seen in freemasons of the middle ages and is indicative of work culture stagnation. This is also directly in contrast with the modern culture of social progress. Writer suggests that instead of resorting to this new kind of iron cage, the employees must go for multi-societal memberships to develop more complete self discipline and industrious patriotism that is devoid of single organizational dominance. The early freemason organizations comprised low classes of the society including manual laborers, small time vendors and believers of traditional Mason cult. The practices used by these organizations were based on ethical and spiritual philosophies. They were dedicated to achieving spiritual goals like establishing personal standards of discipline and extending them to contribution to society. Modern organizations on the contrary are based on economic and societal philosophies and are more focused

Saturday, November 2, 2019

How can cognitive behaviour therapy be modified to fit the needs of Essay

How can cognitive behaviour therapy be modified to fit the needs of young children - Essay Example The client works together with the therapist in developing skills relevant for recognizing ill full thoughts, testing adjusting beliefs, changing behavior, and how one relates with other people. Normally, many clients in need of cognitive therapy suffer from assumptions that direct them to certain reactions. Among the assumptions are the thoughts of unworthiness, under-estimation of achievements, over-generalization of issues, maximization of negative issues and minimization of positives. For example, person who would have lost their job due to an avoidable mistake might believe they are useless. Such persons may focus on the mistake that happened and use the mistake to justify their feeling of themselves. The believe leads the individuals to damaging emotions like frustration and hopelessness (Scaruffi, n.d., p1). Such persons see themselves as losers and thus start keeping to themselves in effort to avoid making similar mistakes in the future. A prolonged feeling of unworthiness adopts into a response that confirms the original feeling of being useless every time the person faces similar experiences. Cognitive therapy works at testing the assumptions the client had and co nsidering new information capable of shifting the assumptions to a direction that allows different behavioral or emotional reactions. The clients with the help of the therapist train how to use flexible ways of thinking and response to issues. The therapy challenges the clients to interrogate their thoughts on the truthfulness and the advantages of such thoughts to their goals. If a thought is found unhealthy, the therapy recommends it replacement with more helpful thoughts capable of facilitating more desirable responses and can aid achievements of the client’s goals. Cognitive therapy therefore can be termed as a skill-building approach that allows the therapist to teach the client how to practice the skills learned individually until they become their own